Plastic surgery can help stop smoking

For smokers, eliminating the habit of smoking may seem like an impossible thing. If you feel that all efforts are not working, maybe plastic surgery can help. 

Not a plastic surgery that can stop smoking, but preparations for the operation. As is known, every patient who will undergo a plastic surgery procedure must stop smoking 2 weeks before the surgery is performed. Smoking can cause dangerous complications during surgery. In fact, many surgeons refuse to operate smoker patients. 

Illustration: Cosmetic surgery may help patients quit smoking. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2NKWbfb)

In a recent study revealed, people who were asked to quit smoking 2 weeks before surgery tended to succeed in avoiding cigarettes even forever. It is not realistic to ask for cigarette addicts to undergo plastic surgery, but the highlight of the results of the study is to stop smoking is possible if they understand the health risks.

As many as 70 percent of respondents in this study agreed that discussing with doctors and being told of the dangers of smoking cigarettes for the results of surgery made them aware of stopping.

As many as 40 percent also admitted that they no longer smoke until 5 years after surgery and 25 percent did not smoke anymore.

"Specifically discussing that cigarettes in patients with surgery results in greatly influencing them to stop," said Aaron C.Van Slyke as quoted from Yahoo Beauty.

In general, smoking will make blood vessels constrict so that oxygen cannot bind with blood cells perfectly. This makes the amount of oxygen in the blood circulation decrease and the surgical wound becomes healed longer.

These conditions not only make the results of plastic surgery not as expected, but also cause harmful side effects such as necrosis or cell and tissue death. Smokers also tend to experience negative reactions when anesthetized and there is a possibility of infection. The danger of cigarettes does not include the risks to the body and heart organs. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | LINE]

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3 major scientific issues that still be mysterious!

Scientists continue to find many scientific issues that sometimes those issues can change the entire of our world's faces. Even so, the scientists continue to try uncover the mysteries about this world but still could not give a detailed explanations, and sometimes some of them then are kept those secret from the public, why?

Our Earth. (Picture from: Curiosity.com)

As reported from the Dailystar on (06/12/2017), here are 3 major scientific issues that still be mysteries and kept on secret so that human does not panic!

3. Climate change

Many people think that climate change only makes the earth hotter, but it turns out that Climate Change or climate change is a disaster. Climate change is a real disaster, where humans burn the fuel, factories blow smoke into the sky and release carbon dioxide which makes the Earth's surface warmer. According to a study by scientists from Ohio, the United States that climate change takes hundreds of years to make it stable again.

One of the causes of climate change. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2IO0Lbu)

2. Human knowledge about the Universe is still very minimal

NASA sent astronauts to explore the moon, and humans on earth assume that humans have managed to know a lot about the universe. In fact it is not, according to a report from the United States Astronomy Agency, new humans are able to explore the universe in less than 5 percent. This means that the remaining 95 percent is still a mystery and it is the task of humans to be able to solve it in the future.

Illustration of our existence in the universe. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2IO0Lbu)

1. Mass extinction will occur once more

According to the Saintis report, this earth has experienced at least 5 mass extinctions caused by climate change, the ice age, to extreme weather. Well, the dangers of scientists believe that civilization will now lead to the sixth mass extinction. True or not, scientists are referring to current conditions of the earth and climate such as the amount of pollution, ice on both poles is starting to melt, forest loss and heat waves hit several regions in the Middle East.

Illustration of mass extinction. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2IO0Lbu)

The purpose of being kept secret here is not about its existence which is deliberately hidden, but its real contents are still an unsolved mystery.. What do you think? *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | DAILYSTAR]

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This is what will happen to the body when you stop smoking

Many people think that he feels it's too late to stop smoking because there are already many toxins in his body. However, as quoted from the Ministry of Health website, in various studies it is still possible that there will be recovery from damage caused by smoking even though it has been done for years.

In a study of 1,500 smokers, known a year after stopping smoking, there was an improvement in the arteries caused by inhaled cigarette smoke. This means, the risk of developing coronary heart disease also decreases, as well as the risk of cancer.

Although smokers who have separated from cigarettes experience a slight increase in body weight, around 4 kg, it is known that good cholesterol levels in the blood also increase. According to research published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

Maybe you are curious, what happens to the body if you stop smoking within minutes to months? The following is the review as quoted from the Medical Daily and the Ministry of Health:

• In 20 minutes not smoking: Blood pressure, pulse and peripheral blood flow improve. This is because nicotine causes the body to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which limit blood vessels and increase heart rate.
• In 2 hours not smoking: Approximately after two hours of not smoking, the urge to smoke again causes gloom and irritability. Usually people who stop smoking for two hours will begin to feel restless. However, it turns out that it is good for his health.
• In 8 hours not smoking: Carbon monoxide and nicotine in the lungs are reduced by half, so oxygen levels in the bloodstream return to normal.
• In 24 hours not smoking: Maybe you will experience coughing more than usual. This is apparently a sign the body is removing some of the toxins that are starting to form in the lungs. And carbon monoxide levels will disappear in the body.
  In 2 days not smoking: Nicotine is lost from the lungs and body, then the taste senses begin to recover.
• In 3 days not smoking: After quitting smoking for 3 days you may experience some side effects and can be more extreme.
  In 1 month not smoking: Appearance improves, skin becomes brighter, wrinkles on the face diminish, hair shakes the airways grow back, nicotine withdrawal symptoms stop or disappear.
• In 5-9 months not smoking: Coughing and wheezing (shortness of breath) is reduced.
• In 5 years not smoking: The risk of coronary heart disease is reduced by half.
• In 10 years not smoking: The risk of lung cancer is reduced by half.

The body begins to be completely clean and recover from toxins after 15 years of stopping smoking. As quoted from DailySabah, it is only in the 15th year since a person stops smoking, the harmful effects of smoking completely leave the body and reduce the likelihood of smoking-related illnesses by 90%, said Professor Ülkü Yilmaz, vice president of the Turkish Respiratory Society.

According to 2012 data, more than 1.8 million people were diagnosed with lung cancer worldwide, 1.6 million of whom eventually lost their lives. And the number of lung cancer patients is estimated at 2.5 million by 2025.

Professor Yilmaz said lung cancer risk was up to 30 times higher in people who smoked. Whereas those who do not smoke, the chance of developing lung cancer is lower than 1% in people who have never smoked in their lives.

"Once the smoker stops his habit, the risk of developing lung cancer begins to decrease. After 15 years of stopping smoking, the risk of lung cancer can decrease by 90%," said Yilmaz.

Yilmaz also reminded, people should not forget that the risk also comes to those who are non-smokers and remain at risk, namely that they are always exposed to cigarettes every day (passive smoking).

Why is passive smoking more likely to develop lung cancer? Many people are curious, why do passive smokers have lung cancer more often?

According to Dr. Sita Laksmi Andarini, PhD. SpP(K), the actual risk of active smokers getting lung cancer is much greater than passive smokers. Dan Laksmi said, active smokers had a 13.6-fold risk. While passive smokers have a four-fold risk of lung cancer.

According to the results of Clare Weeden's research from Melbourne University in Australia, cigarettes increase lung cell damage and make basal stem cells more active, increasing mutations. Even so, there are also active smokers who do not have lung cancer and there are passive smokers who have lung cancer. This is because to become cancer actually requires a complicated mechanism.

Actually, there is always the potential for lung cancer for everyone. Every time, people pull and exhale. In certain moments there are mucosa or mucous membranes in the respiratory tract from the nose to the damaged bronchus. If the amount is small, the body can still repair it.

"If there is a slip, he becomes abnormal, namely the seeds of cancer. But, it is not that easy to become cancer. There is a mechanism of the body itself to get rid of the abnormal. So not everyone has cancer," said Dr. Elisna Syahruddin, PhD. SpP(K). *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | LINE]
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This technique will help you fall asleep in only 2 minutes

Are you included in the group of people who always have problems with sleep. or maybe you include people who sleep too much? If so, maybe you should try the following method to solve the problem.

A story when viral on the internet about the secret method used by the US Military to help people fall asleep quickly. The information came from a book published in 1981 entitled "Relax and Win: Championship Performance" with the story taken by author Sharon Ackman on Medium.

Reportedly, the US Military used this method to help people fall asleep quickly. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2ItNRzo)

This book tells its readers how to relax, and also tells how to fall asleep within two minutes. The US military itself uses this method. Ackman wrote, "The US Navy Pre-Flight School developed a scientific method to fall asleep day or night, in any conditions, in under two minutes. After six weeks of practice, 96 percent of pilots can fall asleep in two minutes or less. Even after drinking coffee, with the machine gun being played in the background."

Infogram: Why is sleep important? (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2ItNRzo)

If you also want to practice the same method, then follow the steps below:

1. The first step is to clear your mind. For this, it is recommended that you relax all the muscles in your face. Drop your shoulders and rest your arms.
2. Then breathe and relax your chest. Then relax your legs. All steps must be followed in the same sequence.
3. In the next 10 seconds, clear your mind of everything. Imagine you're lying in a pitch-black room on a comfortable sofa. If you are struggling, say the words "don't think" repeatedly. This can supposedly help as well

If you follow all these steps, you should be asleep. Ackman said that this technique was especially useful for people in the military who were in dangerous scenarios or for those who were coping with the horrors of war. And according to another recent study, getting a night sleep between six to nine hours can help offset the heart conditions. Some other studies have also shown the disastrous effects sleep deprivation can have on the body.

Even though we don’t understand its importance, sleep is super essential for normal brain activity and healthy life. If you need to sleep quickly or you are struggling to get to sleep at home, you can also give a try to this US army technique. This technique has worked for World War II pilots; it can certainly work for you as well. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | WONDERFUL ENGINEERING]

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Know the terms of sportscar, supercars, and hypercar

We often hear the terms above when looking at reviews or articles about a certain four-wheeled vehicle, but do you know what is meant by those terms, or the difference between the three of them.

Briefly the sportscar, supercar, and hypercar are terms that are often used to the high-performance and expensive priced cars. And each of the three terms has its own definition. Let's see the definition of sportscar, supercar, and hypercar as follows;

1. Sportscar

Various reasons why people buy sports cars, generally to get the sensation of driving more fun than an ordinary car. Sports cars prioritize control and performance.

2015 Mazda MX-5, the world's best selling sports car. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2NzCESB)

The performance of sportscar is at the lowest level between supercars and hypercar. Even so the performance of the sportscar is above the average conventional car. Average speed performance of sportscar is 280 km/hour. This type of car is in great demand because the price is quite cheap and even some are below US. $10 thousands (or approx Rp.1,4 billions).

2017 Subaru BRZ. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2x5esx9)

Sports car is generally a 2-door coupe. But there is also a 3-door liftback, besides that there is a convertible model whose roof can be opened. But there is also a sedan or hatchback version. While the engine position is usually in front, rear, or center. Here are some of cars like the Toyota 86, Volkswagen Scirocco, Honda CRZ, Subaru BRZ are included the sportcar.

2. Supercar

The term of supercar was first used in 1920 by a British newspapers, The Times to describe a car with a powerful engine that is a 6.7-liter Ensign 6 engine. In modern times, the term of supercar is used to describe a car with the best performance, sophisticated technology offered by the car manufacturers in the automotive industry.

Several supercars at a meet, by Ferrari, Lamborghini, Pagani, Bugatti, and Mercedes-Benz. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2NzCESB)

Supercar usually have more aerodynamic design with speeds of up to 320 km/h. The supercar performance cannot be considered mediocre, because it has a very striking difference with sportscar. When drove on the highway, the supercar engine sound will attract the people attentions who heard it. The majority of supercar have engine positions in the middle.

About prices, supercars in Indonesia are priced at an average of over US. $100 thousands (or approx Rp.14 billions). This car has a classy brand like Ferrari, Lamborghini, and Bugatti, which on average came from Europe, especially the Italian and German manufacturers. But there are also types of supercars from America such as the Corvette from Chevrolet and Mustang from Ford.

3. Hypercar

This car has engine specifications, prices, models, and various other aspects that exceed sportscar and supercar. The average speed exceeds 400 km/h. About the price, the hypercar is priced at tens of billions, so it's no wonder if it's very difficult to find this car other than at the exhibition. So that not many insurance companies are willing to accept the hypercar, because the cost of the components is very expensive.

2010 Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2CtvDi7)

All hypercar are supercars, but not all supercars can be called the territorial hypercar and pantheon hypercar. For example, the Ferrari 458 is a fantastic supercar, but the technology cannot match the one in the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport which has a power of 1,200 hp.

2018 Bugatti Dive at its debut in the exclusive automotive event 'The Quail: A Motorsports Gathering'. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2Lvnzwm)

Some types of hypercar include, Lamborghini Aventador LP700-4, Bugatti Chiron, Ferrari LaFerrari, Aston Martin Valkyrie, Koenigsegg Regera, McLaren P1, Pagani Huayra, Porsche 918 Spyder, etc. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | WIKIPEDIA]

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Laziness was the causes of ancient human extinction?

Homo erectus first appeared two million years ago and went extinct around 50,000 to 100,000 years ago and was the first early hominid to become a true global explorer. They are known to migrate from Africa to Eurasia, then spread to Georgia, Sri Lanka, China and Indonesia.

An illustration of ancient human. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2ODr59N)

However, according to a recent study published in the PLOS One journal on July 27, 2018, the Homo erectus species turned out to be quite lazy and reluctant to adapt to environmental changes compared to other hominids - such as Neanderthals.

As quoted from IFLScience! on Friday, August 10, 2018, which reported that archaeologists from the Australian National University analyzed thousands of newly discovered artifacts and excavated from excavation sites in the Arabian Peninsula in modern Saffaqah region, Saudi Arabia in 2014 to find out the reason of these species extinction.

Their findings indicate that the Homo erectus species in the area actually tried as little as possible to make tools and find supplies. Though these ancient humans lived in areas that had easy access to rocks and water.

This is Dr. Ceri Shipton on site at Saffaqah in central Saudi Arabia. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2Mjx5Ik)

"They don't seem to inspire themselves. I don't get proof that they are true explorers, they don't have the same curiosity as we are now," Dr. Ceri Shipton as told to Sky News.

He also added that this was evidence of how the species made stone tools they found lying around their homes. The problem is, the stones are of low quality. Most stone tools are made from stones that are worse than tools in the next civilization. In fact, there are areas of better quality rock even though it requires a trip far enough from their settlements.

"When we saw the rock there were no signs of any activity, there were no artifacts and there were no rock excavations. They knew it was there, but because they had enough resources for them, so why bother -repot? " Shipton continued.

The site at Saffaqah in central Saudi Arabia. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2nE0uy0)

This is in contrast to the makers of stone tools in later periods, including early Homo sapiens and Neanderthals. They climbed the mountain to find good quality rocks and transport them in long distances.

"Sediment samples show the environment around them is changing, but they are doing the same thing with their equipment," said Dr. Shipton. Unlike the more advanced species, Homo erectus tends to use a single "generic" tool for almost all jobs.

However, Homo erectus's ability to make tools is far more advanced than early humans in other parts of the world. They can already make a hand ax. Homo erectus-type ancient humans are strong and skilled. They developed in this region for some time. But, once the river bed dries up and there is sedimentation in the river, Homo erectus actually dies because they lack initiative. "They have never been very far from sources of clean water," said Dr. Shipton.

"We also found that their technology for making stone tools is very conservative. They use the same strategies to make tools in the face of a changing environment. So, they are not only lazy but also very conservative," he said as quoted by Science Daily on August 10, 2018.

Shipton said further that the extinction of Homo erectus was caused by not having the ability to plan for the future. "They only plan for the next few hours, or maybe for the next day. While Homo sapiens and Neanderthals plan further ahead, like a seasonal migration plan," he concluded. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | IFLSCIENCE! | SCIENCE DAILY]

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The Body becomes a Tree

Have you ever imagined a cemetery area that was originally known with a tense, scary and lonely atmosphere, then turned into a green landscape full of trees, beautiful and harmonious? Actually, there are many ideas that have been initiated to make funeral concepts in the last decade, recently there is one concept that has been widely highlighted and has invited many pros and cons comments. The concept came from Italy.
There's a video that describes the concept of organic graves being viral on social media. And those video was uploaded in the Facebook social media through the "Be Inspired Aspire" pages, and has been watched more than 36 millions times.

The video introduces an environmentally friendly organic burial "coffin" concept to turn tombstone graves into a unique innovation called Capsula Mundi. These Capsula Mundi concept was first put forward by Anna Citelli and Raoul Bretezel, who made a burial pods or called the Capsula Mundi, where these pods serves as a fertilizer for the tree.

Capsula Mundi burial concept. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2KSsVSd)

The idea is to place the body in a position like a fetus in the womb in a biodegradable burial pods. The pods are then planted on the ground with seeds or trees. The seeds are placed in a jar that stores the ashes below with a mixture of soil. In the Bios jar, the seeds that are planted take food from ash when it grows into a tree.

In Twitter, Capsula Mundi uploaded a picture of a tree hugged by someone and added with a little comment. "My grandma is an oak tree. She chose to do this because she preferred a tree to a tombstone. And when I visit the wood, I feel grandma is still with me," wrote the @capsula_mundi account accompanied by hashtag #lifeneverstops #greenburial #trees. 

"My grandma is an oak tree. She chose to do this because she preferred a tree to a tombstone. And when I visit the wood, I feel grandma is still with me." #lifeneverstops #greenburial #trees #DOWNLOAD the Capsula Mundi #brochure https://t.co/053RhVdBRN pic.twitter.com/AjfDvUnVAJ

— Capsula Mundi (@capsula_mundi) April 23, 2018

It is unfortunate until now the Capsula Mundi are still a concept because many people think it violates the rules and some norms about burying a body under the tree. In addition, not many people who want to buried in such a way and it turns out to cost quite a lot.

And Capsula Mundi claimed, if this idea is practiced, then people will visit the forest as a cemetery to remember their loved ones. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | CAPSULA MUNDI]

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A billionaire's strange ways to treat an expensive Hypercar

Pagani Zonda Revolucion became one of the expensive hypercars which was once the target of the millionaires who love automotive. Even when it first arrived in 2014, prospective customers who wanted these car had to pay it at price of US. $ 2.2 million or equivalent to Rp. 30 billion.

Pagani Zonda Revolucion whose had appeared at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show. Although originating from Italy, the Pagani Zonda Revolucion was used a machine from the AMG Mercedes-Benz.

2014 Pagani Zonda Revolucion owned by Pablo Perez before it moved into living room and made as the separator wall in slanted position. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2KugziV)

For your information, these 1,070 kg hypercar uses a 6.0 liter V12 engine capable of spraying power up to 789 hp with 730 Nm of torque. With those engine's power, the car is claimed to accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 2.6 seconds with a top speed of 350 km/hour.

Of course for anyone who has Pagani Zonda Revolucion, surely they will treat this hypercar very special. But you know, there is a different and very strange ways to treat the Pagani Zonda Revolucion like it has been done by a rich man named Pablo Perez.

As reported by Carscoops, because of his love to these supercar brand, Perez decided to make a perfect work of art. Yes, his Pagani Zonda Ravolucion which has a carbon fiber body made as a separator as well as the wall between the living room with another room.

Yeap .......finally !! Finito la macchina. Che bella esperienza e soprattutto molto lavoro. Grazie mille a tutti i coinvolti. #darkminion #carbonfiber #pagani #paganizonda #paganizondar #miami #rideordie

A post shared by Pablo Perez Companc (@pperezc) on Apr 25, 2018 at 12:08pm PDT

Reportedly also Perez not only had Pagani Zonda Revolucion, but also Pagani Huayra BC. But for Pagani Zonda Revolucion, despite being a display, it turns out that the car is still functioning properly. It's just that, because of these 2013 production hypercar in slanted position, so the car's engine had been removed. 

That's the behavior of the rich to seek sensation, really weird isn't it and there's always a way to squandering the money. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | CARSCOOPS | MOTORAUTHORITY | TN AUTOS]

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Know a little about an Automotive Product Designer profession

Currently we know the emergence of many automotive products such as cars, motorcycles, commercial vehicles, heavy equipment and so forth can not be separated from the role of Product Designers who contribute their ideas, to give birth to an attractive and functional vehicle forms.

An illustration of Automotive design. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

Illustration of an Automotive Designer on 
action. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

And if you are also interested in the Product Designers profession like me, there is nothing wrong if we share about what and how the gait of the automotive product designers. Here I am trying to re-display an old article that have been published in one of Indonesian local newspapers (Pikiran Rakyat - Bandung in 2003). So it can provide positive feedback to make you to be a Product Designer in the future. Yes, in the future the profession of Automotive Product Designers will be a very promising and challenging profession.

In developed countries that uphold the intellectual rights, the profession and the scope of the designer's work - whatever the frills - are highly respected. The heart of fashion and and industrial designers, including automotive products, seemed to be race to produce innovative forms. So it's not surprising that topnotch designs can be appeared all the time.

An illustration of Automotive design. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

In every research and design (R & D) rooms is like an automotive companie's "life reserve" warehouse. "Because that's where the character of the product is formed," said one of the automotive activists named Mizan Allan De Neve, who is also active in fostering young automotive designers. "The potential and opportunities of our designers are actually quite good, even able to compete in foreign countries," he said furthermore.

An illustration of Automotive design. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

So, what and how are the requirement to be an automotive product designer? He calls the skills of pouring ideas into two-dimensional images as a key requirement. An accuracy is required, since the designer must know exactly the details of their design. So when it will be transformed into a three-dimensional form (model or prototype), there is no difficulty. The natural talent, if combined with the basic knowledge of automotive (at least know the location and how to work of vehicle parts), will form a special talent.

"He can master the field three to four times faster than those who have to learn the ins and outs of vehicle components," he said further. Now in Indonesia, at least there are 11 universities or academics having industrial design majors, including automotive. Four of them in Jakarta, namely Universitas Paramadina, Universitas Trisakti, Universitas Indonesia Esa Unggul, and Universitas Pelita Harapan.

An illustration of Automotive design. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

What if we are interested to study abroad? According to David Cole, Director of Industrial Design, Academy of Art College, San Fransisco, who has more flexible requirements. The most important capital for design learning is creativity and a strong desire to become a designer. "There is no need for special skills," he said on an occasion on the AAC website.

Illustration of an Automotive Designer on 
action. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

In the US and Europe, schools that teach automotive design are numerous. Understandably, car manufacturers and automotive design houses there are also countless. No wonder the graduate of the school was often the target of a large factory such as Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Audi, VW, and home of leading design, such as Gingko Design, Fitch, Frogdesign, Pentagram, and Astrodesign and many others.

David Cole summarizes that in the AAC curriculum there are four teaching areas: drawing, modeling, computerization, and designing techniques. Where the students are taught drawing techniques and modeling in traditional ways and computer aids.

"Design tools in each factory are often different. By teaching various alternative ways of designing, so that the students are ready to face the differences, "he continued later.

Illustration of an Automotive Designer on 
action. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/2LjirzC)

As for the Asia pacific region, art and design schools such as Hongik University are quite popular, as it gets a lot of support from South Korean car manufacturers. In every year, these schools showcase the work of their students. Well, if there is a design that can attract the attention of large car manufacturers, then the designer can immediately get a job offer.

A prospective automotive product designer must also be diligent in observing the development of automotive. David further reminded, that next-generation cars will be more smart, because it uses hybrid fuel like hydrogen and others. So the use of space is also more efficient, but on the other hand more and more communication devices and computer-based entertainment will be installed in the vehicle..

"I dare to say. In the future, this profession will be very challenging," said David who also known as one of the Coventry Polytechnic (now Coventry University) graduate. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | PIKIRAN RAKYAT | LONDON DESIGN COLLAGE | SAFT7.COM]

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