A place that is similar to the surface of Mars have been found in India. As reported of India West on Tuesday, April 5, 2016, a team of researchers have identified and documented the existence of jarosite, a rare mineral through the study of streptoskopi in the Matanumadh region, Kachch district, Gujarat India. The study is part of a Mars mission initiated by Space Applications Center (SAC) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
"Matanumadh landscape with assemblages unusual mineral, including jarosite in the land of basalt, resembling geological environment that has many jarosite as identified on Mars," said Saibal Gupta, a professor in the department of geology and geophysics at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur to Indo-Asian News sevice.
An image of the Gusev crater on Mars where the Spirit rover examined volcanic basalts in 2007. (Picture from: http://adf.ly/1ZDZVb)
The emergence of rare minerals were first reported from various parts of the Mars by Opportunity, the NASA rover in 2004. Since then, the other robot is also detected jarosite in some of the Red Planet's surface. Jarosite is a mineral found in certain environments. It means that the substance was formed in the extreme and unusual conditions. Previously, jarosite is also found in Australia. But the minerals found in India is more similar to jarosite on Mars.
"The surface of Mars have experienced the similar conditions some time ago. Thus, the discovery of jarosite is supporting the argument that Matanumadh represent the surface of Mars," said Souvik Mitra of IIT-Khargapur.
Mitra added, "Two important conditions for the formation of jarosite is close to the surface of the water acidic and oxidizing conditions. By studying the process of formation of jarosite in Matanumadh, allows us to understand the final stage of water-based activities in some parts of the surface of Mars."
As we knew, NASA found no evidence of water on Mars last year.
"... In addition to sending robots and sophisticated probe to Mars to study it, the investigation can be carried out in Matanumadh and reduce costs to understand what is happening on Mars billions of years ago," said Gupta.
He also added, "It does not replace human exploration on the surface of Mars, but it was committed in a long time. While waiting for that moment, Matanumadh can be a start to imagine what it's there." *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | INDIA WEST]
A reservoir with three times the water volume of all the oceans have been found far below the Earth's surface. The discovery may help explain where sea earth came. The water is hidden in the blue stone called ringwoodite located 700 kilometers underground in the mantle, the layer of hot rocks in the Earth's surface and the core.
Blue lagoon: this crystal of blue ringwoodite is being crushed in a lab experiment. The orange circles are regions that have had their water squeezed out of them. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/1QFhPNU)
The large size of the reservoir throws new light on the origin of the Earth's water. Some geologists think the water came when a comet crashed into the planet, but this new discovery supports an alternative discourse that the ocean is gradually flow out of the interior of the Earth.
Fragments of the blue-colored mineral called ringwoodite, synthesized in the laboratory. (Picture from: http://huff.to/1iuH0AK)
"This is good evidence about where the Earth's water comes," said Steven Jacobsen of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illnois. Hidden water can also act as a buffer to the ocean surface, and explaining why they remain the same size for millions of years.
The first terrestrial discovery of ringwoodite by University of Alberta scientist Graham Pearson confirms the presence of massive amounts of water 400 to 700 km beneath the Earth's surface. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/N87xu0)
By measuring the velocity of the waves at different depths, the team can identify where the rock type that has passed a wave. Water layers reveal themselves as the wave slows down, which makes the wave passes the wet stone longer than the dry stone.
Jacobsen first examine what would happen on a wave if the water contains ringwoodite present. He fosters ringwoodite in his lab, and unload the sample through great pressure and suitable temperature at 700 kilometers below.
Schematic partial cross section of the Earth showing the location of ringwoodite, which make up approximately 60% by volume of this part of the transition zone. The diamond containing the water-bearing ringwoodite inclusion found by Pearson et al. (Nature, 2014) originated from approximately 500 km beneath the Earth's surface, where a large mass of water may accumulate by the subduction and recycling of oceanic lithosphere, into the transition zone. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/N87xu0)
Sure enough, they found signs of ringwoodite wet in the transition zone 700 kilometers down, which divides the upper and lower mantle region. In those depths, pressures and temperatures appropriate to squeeze water from the ringwoodite. "It is a stone with water along the boundaries between grains, almost like they were sweating," said Jacobsen.
Jacobsen findings support the recent studies of Graham Pearson of the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. Pearson studied diamonds from the transition zone which has been brought to the surface of the volcano, and found that it contains a water bearing ringwoodite, the first strong evidence that there is plenty of water in the transition zone.
"Since our initial report of hydrous ringwoodite, we find another crystal ringwoodite, also contain water, so the evidence is now very strong," said Pearson. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | NEWSCIENTIST]
7.9-magnitude earthquake that rocked Nepal on Saturday, April 25, 2015 not only destroyed the Kathmandu valley and finish more than 8,000 lives. The devastating earthquake also shifted Mount Everest or Qomolangma - the Chinese language - as far as 3 cm to the southwest.
But not until the Nepal quake impact on the world's highest peak, which rises as high as 8,848 meters. Similarly, according to the Agency for Survey, Mapping and Geological Information China.
Chinese media reports, the Beijing government has long put a satellite monitoring system at the top of Everest, since 2005, to monitor the movement of the mountain. A decade later known Everest moves 40 cm to the northeast at a speed of 4 cm per year, and the higher of 0.3 cm per year.
"Mount Everest constantly moving to the northeast. And the earthquake made it bounced slightly in the opposite direction," said Xu Xiwei, deputy head of the Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing was quoted as saying on the China Daily website. "The scale of these movements are normal and do not affect life there."
However, the earthquake that occurred last April reversing the movement of the mountain - to the point where he was 9 months earlier. When the incident, it triggered landslides in the mountains and surrounding areas, in the border region Nepal and China, claimed the lives of many climbers.
Death in large numbers to force a number of tour providers ascent to the highest mountain in the Himalayas cancel the trip for the rest of the season. Recent data from China shows, the second major earthquake that occurred on April 12, with the power of 7.5 SR did not disturb Everest.
The findings of a team of Chinese experts argue that analysis of a number of experts predict earthquakes, Everest may be shifted up to a few meters in the quake Nepal. But predictions of seismologists confirmed that the height did not change the truth.
Located on the border of China and Nepal, the mountain is also known as Sagarmatha by residents of Kathmandu Valley were in meetings Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates.
"By measuring movements, scientists can learn the principles of how the Earth's energies and carve-scale release of energy released," said Xu.
"These measures help us find the source of tectonic movements and observe when abnormal movements occur." *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | CHINA DAILY]
Strange phenomena occur in the sea of Japan. There is an island that emerged from the sea then the body was greater after a volcanic eruption on the sticking mainland.
Niijima, the name of the island, is growing after the unexpected joining adjacent islands, Nishino-shima. The mysterious island that included to the Tokyo area, although it located quite far from the coast. Now, the size of the island that lies on the Ogasawara Islands is 2,290 square meters, or 49 times greater than the Tokyo Dome baseball stadium that has a capacity of 55,000 seats in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Niijima Island is an island that emerged from the sea is growing after the unexpected joining adjacent island (Nishino-shima Island). (Picture from: http://bit.ly/1HTgz3N)
Japanese Maritime Coastal Agency (JCG) reported on Thursday, December 25, 2014, there has been a vomit of a volcanic crater on the island which is thought to be a trigger to the increasing size of the land. "The mountain on the island has spewed the lava into the southern part of the island, as much as 5-6 times," said JCG, as quoted by The Japan News on Sunday, December 28, 2014.
Niijima Island originally emerged from the sea after a mountain in it erupted, on November 20, 2013 ago (jump to the article). At first, the diameter of the volcano was only about 150 meters, and the size of the island of about 300x200 meters.
Then in March 2014, based on the satellite imagery, the Niijima Island are known to have joined the Nishino-shima. The combined size to 1,000 square meters. Height of the island also rose to 60 meters above sea level, and is now 110 meters above sea level.
According to the CJG, this phenomenon is the first time since 1974, which also had similar things happen, where an island emerged from the sea after the eruption. While the Japanese government spokesman, Yoshihide Suga said the Japan goverment welcomed if the island can really permanent and can be inhabited. "We are happy if it will be permanent," said Suga, as published by LiveScience.
A similar incident occurred in 2013 ago. A similar new island appeared off the coast of Pakistan (jump to the article). Only half an hour after the earth shook tremendously from the 7.8 magnitude quake, on Tuesday, September 24, 2013, another surprise awaits residents of the coastal cities Gwadar. They see a new island appeared of the sea, just 1 kilometer from the beach. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | THE JAPAN NEWS | LIVESCIENCE] Note: Thisblogcan be accessedviayoursmartphone.
The dinosaurs never became the ruler of the Earth, before the 'apocalypse' occurred 65 million years ago, when a giant meteor hit the escape from Earth's atmosphere and then trigger extinction. If they were able to find a telescope that time, the ancient creatures may be able to see the
lava flows on the Moon surface.
Scientists initially suspected, volcanic activity on the Moon was dead about 1 billion years ago. However, the data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) of the United States Space Agency or NASA shows the lava flows on the surface of Earth satellites may be less than 100 million
years ago.
Called Maskelyne, this feature is one of many newly discovered young volcanic rock deposits on the moon. These deposits are known as irregular mare patches and they are thought to be remnants of small basaltic eruptions.
(Picture from: http://bit.ly/1ziQ1dh)
"This finding is a kind of knowledge, literally, will make geologists rewrite their books that discuss about the Moon," said John Keller, the LRO project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, as quoted from SPACE on Thursday, October 15, 2014.
When orbiting the Moon in 1971, Apollo 15 astronauts take pictures of volcanic deposits on the surface of the earth satellite, called Ina. The researchers suspect, Ina is till very young and may have formed in a local explosion of volcanic activity, even though most of the Moon volcanism occurred between 3.5 billion to 1 billion years ago.
But now, the photos of the LRO satellite - the orbiter which arrived at the Moon in 2009 - showed Ina is not alone. It had a lot of 'friends'. The scientists found 70 similar pattern in dark volcanic plains on the Moon which faces the Earth.
The unique rock deposit is also called irregular mare patches. Mare is a vast basalt plains and dark on the Moon, formed by the freezing of the magma flooding due to ancient volcanic eruption processes several billion years ago.
Their existence is characterized by rounded mounds that look smooth bulge mixed with coarse, rock formations with size is less than 500 meters.
Too small to be seen with the naked eye from the Earth.
These findings indicate that the volcanic activity on the Moon spreads in a relatively not so long ago - at least in terms of geology. Three deposits estimated age of less than 100 million years. And Ina probably was less than 50 million years.
The scientists conducted a study with the techniques which associate the measurement of the Moon crater with the age of Moon dust samples that taken during the Apollo missions and the Soviet Union's Luna robotic missions. The findings are described in detail in the Nature Geoscience on October 12, 2014.
The deposit findings could also change the way of scientists think about the temperature of the inside or interior of the Moon.
"The presence and age of irregular mare patches informs that the coats of Moon must have been pretty hot, allowing the magma comes out in small-volume eruptions that created the feature," said Sarah Braden from Arizona State University who led the study. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | LIVESCIENCE | SPACE.COM]
Scientists discover underwater volcanoes in Hawaii that has now been switched off. The mountain was believed to have soaring to as high as 915 meters above sea level and was instrumental in the formation of the island of Oahu.
Based on research publication in the Geological Society of America Bulletin journal of this month, the seamount named Kaena it had been active 5 million years ago in the area between the islands of Oahu and Kauai.
Island
of Oahu in Hawaii turns formed by three mountains, not just two as
previously believed. Scientists have just discovered the mountain again,
which Kaena. (Picture from: http://bit.ly/1jTyfPR)
"Previously, we thought that we already know all the volcanoes in Hawaii. This is one that we do not know," said John Sinton, a geologist from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, as quoted by Reuters on Monday, May 19 2014.
Oahu Island is the island where the capital and largest city in Hawaii, Honolulu, is located. Previously, Oahu believed to be formed due to the Waianae Mountains to the west and the Koolau in the east.
With this discovery, scientists obtained clues that Oahu has another mountain to the west, namely Kaena. This newly discovered mountain over time "sink" below the surface of the Pacific Ocean.
Though Kaena was first formed mountain, geologists estimate that Waianae first surfaced about 3.9 million years ago. Kaena then surfacing 400,000 years later, followed Koolau 500,000 years later.
"Three million years ago, a third of the mountain appears on the surface," said Sinton. "The islands there always has decreased despite a growing surface. Once stopped erupting volcanoes, mountains will sink. Kaena We do not know when it sank," he added.
Until now, scientists are still investigating why Kaena become inactive and eventually sank, and when exactly the incident happens. Scientists see the lava forming and its erosion trail. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | REUTERS]
A small crystal trapped in a rough diamond, who was thrown from 400 kilometers below the earth's surface, hinting that there may be a lot of water deep in the earth.
A diamond from Juína, Brazil, containing a water-rich inclusion of the olivine mineral ringwoodite. (Picture from: http://www.foxnews.com/)
In a report published in Nature magazine, a scientific group said that the X-ray analysis and spectroscopic above a small diamond found in the magma of a volcano in Brazil showed 40 micrometers mineral named by ringwoodite. Further analysis revealed that the crystal lattice contains at least 1.4 percent water.
Ringwoodite is a type of mineral olivine, which form the bulk of the Earth's mantle. Olivine does not absorb water. However, under 400 km, heat and enormous pressure to change the crystal structure, and the resulting substances can contain 2.5 percent water.
Scientists say there is a possibility that the place where the diamond was formed which contains a lot of water vapor high pressure can cause volcanic eruptions. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | VOA NEWS]
Tropical storms or hurricanes that occurred in 1905 has eliminated a coral island in the Pacific waters named Nadikdik Atoll or Knox Atoll. Now, after more than a century swept away the storm, scientists from New Zealand found that the island had grown back. Murray Ford and Paul Kench, two scientists from the University of Auckland in New Zealand, publishing their findings in the Geomorphology journal.
In 1905 a devastating typhoon swept over the Nadikdik Atoll in the middle of the Pacific ocean, killing the majority of inhabitants and washing away most of the island, but since then, the island has regenerated (pictured). (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
Two geologists analyzed aerial photos of Nadikdik Atoll between 1945 until 2010. The storm that occurred on June 30, 1905 was a clean sweep of the island vegetation, damaging coral constituent, and killed 60 people.
Researchers at the University of Auckland studied aerial images (pictured) of the islands from 1945 up until 2010 and found that a new island has grown from decimated remains. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
However, just over 60 years, according to scientists has been rapid, the island is now growing again, has more vegetation, and stable. "The storm certainly collect large amounts of sediment and threw them to the island helping to organize again," said Ford.
Nadikdik Atoll (pictured) - otherwise known as Knox Atoll - is an uninhabited coral atoll of 18 islands in the Pacific Ocean. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
The effect, as reported by The New Zealand Herald, Thursday (20/02/2014), a new island appears next to the island before. "The islands change, move, and change, you will see a period of erosion and accretion on one side on the other side," said Ford.
In just over 60 years the island has grown lush vegetation and by studying the aerial photographs they found that patches of greenery on the once barren islands have grown by almost 25 per cent. Similar vegetation on the island of Ailuk atoll in the Marshall Islands is pictured. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
Ford lived in the Marshall Islands, north Nadikdik Atoll, and said that the rapid growth of the island. "Scientific evidence suggests that in addition to the hurricane last century, the island geomorphic adjustments are still happening," said Ford.
Studying small islands will help scientists better understand how new islands are created, which is of particular interest as many people are worried that small islands will disappear under rising sea levels, triggered by global warming. An aerial view of Bora Bora Island in the French Polynesia archipelago is pictured. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
"What can be learned from this is that a major event could destroy the island, but could trigger a series of processes that enable it back," said Ford. According to Ford, to understand the growth of the small island, scientists can gain an understanding of how an island is formed. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | DAILYMAIL]
Besides volcanoes that characterized by the conical shape, the Earth also has a huge volcano (supervolcano) that can produce volcanic eruptions with volcanic material regurgitated greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers.
Now there are 20 supervolcanoes that are known to exist on Earth - including Lake Toba in Indonesia, Lake Taupo in New Zealand, Yellowstone Caldera in the United States, and the smaller size - Phlegraean Fields in Naples, Italy. The 'sleeping giant'. Although few in number, the eruption of a supervolcano that could cause drastic climate change, which could threaten many species life in the world. Including humans.
If the Yellowstone supervolcano erupted the impact would be catastrophic. (Picture from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
Supervolcano and extraordinary impact it continues to be the object of research scientists. More recently, the experts found that the supervolcano like Yellowstone could erupt without an earthquake or other external triggers. The sheer volume of magma melting enough to cause catastrophic super eruption, which cause havoc. Thus demonstrated an experimental on the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble which carried by a team from ETH Zurich, Switzerland and published in the scientific journal Nature Geoscience.
The head author of the study, Wim Malfait from ETH Zurich said, not a lot of mystery that unfolds from a supervolcano. "We know the clock is ticking, but had absolutely no clue how fast. And what is needed to trigger a super eruption," he said, as quoted by the BBC, on Sunday, January 5, 2014.
Lake Toba in Sumatra was formed during the eruption of a supervolcano 74,000 years ago. (Picture from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
"And now we know, do not need external factors - a supervulcano could erupt because of the size of the giant itself," added Malfait. "Once have enough melt (magma), he could begin to erupt. Just that." Giant eruptions are rare - perhaps only once in 100 thousand years. But once started, the impact will be tremendous on the ecology and climate of the Earth.
When supervulcano erupted at 600 thousand years ago in Wyoming - which is currently the Yellowstone National Park, it threw 1,000 cubic kilometers of ash and lava into the atmosphere. It is enough to bury a big city to a depth of several kilometers and wiped off the map for good. The eruption was 100 times more powerful than the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1992, and even made the historic eruptions such as Krakatoa in 1883 to be small.
Pressure from magma buoyancy creates cracks in the Earth’s crust through which magma can penetrate. (Picture from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
"That is something that we will face in the future. You can compare it with the asteroid impact - in a period of risk is small, but once started, the catastrophic impact," said Dr. Malfait. That's why, the ability to predict isaster becomes very important. However, in the case of a supervolcano, triggering factors remain elusive, because the process is different from ordinary volcano.
One mechanism is understood so far is the excessive pressure on the magma chamber triggered by the difference between the liquid magma or partial melt and the surrounding rocks are more dense. "The effect is like holding a ball under water. When released, the ball is filled with air is forced upward by the dense water around it," said Malfait further.
However, whether the effect of buoyancy is adequate, is not yet known. Therefore, there may be an additional trigger is required - such as a sudden injection of magma, the entry of water vapor, or earthquake. To simulate the intense pressure and heat in the supervolcano caldera, scientists came to the ESRF in Grenoble, where they use the experimental station called the high pressure beamline.
They fill synthetic magma into the diamond capsule and fired high-energy X-rays into it - to investigate changes when the mixture reaches a critical high pressure. "If we measure the difference in the density of the solid into liquid magma, we can calculate the pressure required to trigger a spontaneous eruption," said Mohamed Mezouar, an ESRF scientist, as quoted by BBC News. "To recreate the conditions in the Earth's crust is not a trivial issue, but with the right tools we can keep the pressure stable molten magma up to 1,700 C and 36,000 atmospheres."
Research shows that the transition from solid to liquid magma creates pressure that could break the crust of the Earth as far as more than 10 kilometers above the volcano room. "Magma penetrate into cracks and will eventually reach the Earth's surface. Currently riding, it will expand without control. Causing explosion," said Carmen Sanchez-Valle, scientist from ETH Zurich.
However, if you happen to be on the verge of Yellowstone eruption, the good news is people can see the signs. "The land will probably rise hundreds of meters, far more than now," said Dr. Malfait as told to BBC News. Currently, he added, Yellowstone currently has 10-30 % partial melting of magma. Meanwhile, in order to the pressure that can trigger an eruptions, molten magma must reach at least 50 percent.
In a separate study in the same journal, a team led by Luca Caricchi of the University of Geneva used a mathematical model to explain the difference between a supervolcano and conventional volcano. One of the findings, which is now a regular 'hyperactive' volcano, with the passage of time, can become a 'sleeping' supervolcano. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | BBC |
Its appearance is often mistaken as a UFO, or even hallucinations. Recently, geologists collect almost definitive list of related rare phenomenon that is still a mystery and debate among the scientists, the 'earthquake light'.
Several types of earthquakes in specific areas can trigger flashes of light that occur happen a few seconds. Even days, before the earthquake. Sign of the earthquake. Many forms of floating orbs of lights, blue columns that seemed to come out of the Earth, or otherwise shape of lightning-from the ground to the sky.
Scientists are still unsure why more earthquake light events are related to rift environments than other types of faults. However, they believe they can help warn of earthquakes in the future. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
A study in the Seismological Research Letters scientific journal shows, a earthquake light associated with the earthquake type of area in which certain geological formations occur. Although this phenomenon is rare, scientists have documented 65 occurrences since 1600.
Mysterious floating orbs of lights are harbingers of an imminent earthquake, scientists claim. These lights were seen before the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
Including those occurring on earthquake in L' Aquila, Italy in 2009. Shortly before the earth shook, the pedestrians witnessing a bright light like a flame float 4 inches above the pavement Francesco Crispi Avenue, in the historic city center.
In Pisco, Peru, a Marine look pale blue columns of light that pops up four times in a row from the water on August 15, 2007, when an earthquake measuring 8 on the Richter scale occurred. CCTV cameras in the town also catch the light sightings.
Meanwhile, on November 12, 1988, the purple mixed with pink light ball moving in the sky above the St. Lawrence river, near Quebec City, Canada 11 days before the devastating earthquake rocked.
On April 18, 1906, the blue light hovering in the base of the foothills west of San Francisco, just before the devastating earthquake occurred. In the south of the city, in San Jose, a segment of the course seemed to be lit in a faint but beautiful like a rainbow of colors.
"The mechanism that causes this phenomenon only occurs under certain conditions and rare," said Friedemann Freund, a professor of physics from San Jose State University and senior scientist with the NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, as quoted by USA Today, on January 2, 2013.
Continental rift environments now appear to be the common factor associated with earthquake lights. This image of an earthquake light was taken in El Salvador. (Picture from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/)
Rocks such as basalt and gabbro, which formed deep in the Earth's mantle, has a small defect in the crystal. When rocks such great pressure, the defect produces an electrical charge. "When seismic waves propagate through the ground and hit the rock layers, pressing rock with strong and fast pressure, creating the conditions in which a large number of positive and negative electrical charge is created," says Professor Freund. The power can move simultaneously, achieving a condition called plasma, which could 'explode' out and radiate into the air.
The other components are needed to form a earthquake light produced naturally, is a vertical fracture deep in the earth's crust - that it could reach 60 miles or 96 kilometers, even more. Magma that solidifies into a gabbro or basalt rising from cracks in it, forming a thick pile of similar dykes tens to hundreds of meters.
"We speculate that the stack behaves like a funnel, concentrating the electric charge to be a solid ionized plasma," said Robert Theriault, team leader of the study and a geologist at Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources, Canada. "When plasma burst into the air, it will produce light," he added.
Less than 0.5 percent of earthquakes around the world occur in the proper location for the occurrence of the earthquake light. The scientists combed data from historical documents, some written by hand and in Latin, from centuries ago. They also look for the modern scientific papers and recording of CCTV cameras which record the time of earthquake.
Theriault admitted, the earthquake light sometimes mistaken as a UFO. In the early 1970s, Jim Conacher was boating with his wife in Tagish Lake in the Yukon, Canada. They watched the yellow floating orbs of lights on the side of the mountain. The floating orbs of lights was slowly drifting up the mountain merge with one another. Conacher photographing the light appearance, the picture later appeared on Internet sites, is regarded as UFO sightings in Canada.
When scientists study the seismic data, they found records of earthquakes in Cross Sound on July 1, 1973, with a strength of 6.7 on the Richter scale. Also there is an aftershock with a magnitude of 5.2 and 4.1 on the Richter scale. Although the witnesses, Conacher and his wife had died and could not be asked about exactly when they are boating fun, the scientists believe that the light appeared a few hours before the earthquake.
Based on the record, an area where the earthquake light occurred including in Italy, Greece, and the Rhine fault - which runs between France and Germany, are also a number of areas in South America. And China. Theriault said, although the earthquake light not common to be used as an early warning, but can function like that.
This is one of them, before the earthquake in L' Aquila, a man saw a very bright flash of light in daylight. The light was just a few seconds. Because he had been reading about the earthquake light, he decided to bring his family to a safer place. And they survived.
Theriault also knew a geologist in Canada who lived in China in 1976. On July 28 the same year, he saw an earthquake light. Then, he quickly left the house. Sure enough, not long after the Tangshan devastating earthquake happened, which killed hundreds of thousands of people - an estimated 240 thousand to 650 thousand inhabitants. But the geologist survived. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | DAILY MAIL]
According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, that the newest island in Japan, Niijima, has a three-fold increase in size since it was first seen on November 20, 2013.
Japan's newest island, Niijima, is seen from the air in a photo by the Japanese Coast Guard on December 1. (Picture from: http://www.voanews.com/)
Niijma formed from volcanic activity along the west edge of the Pacific "Ring of Fire". The island is located about 1,000 kilometers south of Tokyo and 130 kilometers from the nearest inhabited island in waters considered as the Japanese territory. The new island is very close to the Nishino-shima, another volcanic island erupted the last time and enlarged in 1973-1974. Last pictures of the two islands were taken by a NASA satellite on December 24, 2013, shows that the two islands were almost touching.
Niijima and Nishino-shima appear to be almost touching in this December 24 image taken by a NASA satellite. (Picture from: http://www.voanews.com/)
Scientists from the Japan Meteorological Agency also said the island was large enough to last at least a few years, maybe even permanently. In early December, the island has expanded to 56,000 square meter, or about three times its initial size. And it stands at 20 to 25 meters above sea level. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | VOA NEWS]
Since the era of Krakatau and Tambora to Toba, Indonesia volcanoes are always given a surprise to the world. The mighty eruption often comes from Indonesian volcanos, while the behavioral side, they recently also given a surprise to the world.
In many volcanic activity in Indonesia, there are three volcanoes that give a shock, i.e Sinabung in North Sumatra, Merapi in Yogyakarta and Central Java area. Meanwhile, other volcano is Samalas, the mother of Mount Barujari in West Nusa Tenggara and its mighty eruption that formed Segara Anak Lake, that turns out to cause devastating eruption in 1257 and allegedly associated with the disaster in Europe around that year.
1. MOUNT SINABUNG
In 2013 , the Sinabung mount back to shock the world. Again and again, Sinabung erupted and caused the rain of ash. One of the Sinabung deadliest eruption occurred on November 25, 2013. In just 2 hours, three times Sinabung's eruption occured and made the height of the smoke reach up to 2 kilometers. Meanwhile, the rain of ash to a radius of 7 km.
Sinabung activity this year gained the attention of the world, is informed by a range of international media. Sinabung is said to "wake up" after sleeping for hundreds of years.
Mount Sinabung in Karo, North Sumatra, still spewing volcanic material, September 17, 2013. Eruptions that occurred Sunday at 2:51, resulting in thousands of people from dozens of villages at the foot of the mountain had to be evacuated. (Picture from: http://sains.kompas.com/)
Previously, Sinabung is categorized as type B or the volcano does not have magmatic eruption characteristic. Volcanos also belong to this type, among others the Merbabu, the Merapi's neighbor volcano. Since its 2010 devastating eruption, Sinabung then categorized as type A, which have a history of eruptions for at least the last 1,600 years.
Sinabung status continues to be adapted since the eruption in September 2013. On September 15, the eruption status of Sinabung was raised from 'Wary' to 'Alert'. And had relegated back to 'Wary' on September 29, then its status in late November was 'Caution'.
2. MOUNT MERAPI
Merapi is also given a surprise on November 18, 2013 due to its phreatic eruptions and exhausted fumes to a height of 2,000 meters. The phreatic eruption is said to be a new phenomenon of Merapi. History records that this new phenomenon of its phreatic eruption occurred since the 2010 eruption.
Head of the Research and Technological Development of Geological Disasters Center(Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Bencana Geologi/BPPTKG), Subandriyo, said that the phreatic eruption associated high gas content. Irregularities of 2010 Merapi explosive eruption could occur due to high gas content. Post-eruption, the gas content is high possibility that bring back the phreatic eruptions.
3. MOUNT SAMALAS
No activity Samalas this year because the volcano is actually already 'colapsed'. Nowadays, there are its children, namely Mount Barujari. Samalas given a surprise because of the research results of Indonesian and foreigner vulcano experts team states, the volcano that are in the Rinjani mountain complex, West Nusa Tenggara, was alleged to have been the deadliest eruption in 1257.
Volcano expert team examined contained traces of volcanic spices in the north polar ice sheet to confirm Samalas massive eruption. From the study results, revealed that the Samalas eruption responsible for starvation and mass mortality events in Europe a year after the eruption. The discovery of thousands of human skeletons in London in 1258 certainly comes from the possibility is closely related to the global impact of the eruption of Samalas in 1257.
Cloud
enveloped the summit of Mount Rinjani (3,726 m) in Lombok, West Nusa
Tenggara. This peak is part of the erupting Mount Samalas to cripple the
world in 1257. Super eruptions resulted in the formation of the caldera
and Segara Anak lake. (Picture from: http://sains.kompas.com/)
Writings in Babad Lombok describe the awesomeness Samalas eruption. However, the eruption actually much more powerful than what is described in the text. While the Merapi eruptions in 2010 in the scale of 4. Meanwhile, the eruption of Samalas hundreds of years ago reach a scale of 7, with the strength 1,000 times larger than the Merapi eruption.
If Samalas eruption occurred at this time, the loss is infinite. Merapi eruption alone is making 1,000 people evacuated. When the Samalas erupt again, all flights crippled, do not operate.
From all surprise that given by the Indonesian volcanoes, a lesson to be gleaned is alertness. Indonesia is located in a very active geologically region. Behavior change of Sinabung and Merapi for example, must get the serious attention and change the perspective in looking at them. *** [EKA | FROM VARIOUS SOURCES | SAINS KOMPAS] Note: Thisblogcan be accessedviayoursmartphone.
